The estimates reflect the populations covered by the studies analysed and should not be interpreted as nationally representative prevalence figures. Osteoporosis weakens bones, making them more vulnerable to fractures, and can remain undetected until a fracture occurs.
Several factors can contribute to declining bone density, including ageing, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, physical inactivity and certain medications. Women may face an increased risk after menopause, particularly when menopause occurs early, before the age of 45.
Persistent back pain, unexplained loss of height and a stooped posture may indicate vertebral fractures or other bone-related problems. However, osteoporosis can remain undetected for years, making timely risk assessment particularly important for people with relevant risk factors.
A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan is the standard test used to measure bone mineral density. Doctors may recommend the scan based on a person's age, medical history, fracture history and other risk factors to help identify bone loss.
Winter air pollution in Delhi-NCR can make outdoor physical activity more difficult, potentially disrupting exercise routines that support bone health. Researchers are also examining possible associations between exposure to fine particulate matter, including PM2.5, and lower bone mineral density. However, these possible associations do not establish air pollution as a direct cause of osteoporosis.
Maintaining bone health requires adequate nutrition, regular physical activity and appropriate medical assessment. Calcium and vitamin D support bone health, while sufficient protein intake contributes to maintaining bone and muscle strength.
Weight-bearing activities and strength training can help support bone health and improve balance. When outdoor air quality is poor, indoor exercise may provide an alternative to prolonged outdoor activity. Taking movement breaks during extended periods of sitting and reducing fall risks at home can also contribute to fracture prevention.
Doctors advise people with risk factors to seek medical guidance rather than wait for symptoms to appear. Early assessment and appropriate interventions can help identify bone loss and reduce the likelihood of fractures, underscoring the importance of preventive care and timely evaluation in addressing osteoporosis.
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